NASA has conducted a study that looks at the effects of being in space on the human body, and they are calling it the “Twins Study”. The two test subjects are identical twin astronauts Mark and Scott Kelly. Mark and Scott are the only twins to have traveled to space. The information collected can be extremely valuable now, as we consider sending people to Mars.
The premise of the study is to examine the differences in twins who were originally genetically identical after one spends time in space. Scott Kelly spent 340 days in space from 2015-2016, but Mark stayed on Earth during this time (making him the control group). Each twin provided NASA will different biological samples before, while, and after Scott was in space. The findings showed various differences in Scott’s DNA compared to Mark’s. Such changes included an increase in genes related to the immune system, DNA repair, and stress. Scott also lost weight, had a decrease in blood pressure, had worsened eyesight due to a thickening of the optic nerve. Positive changes in his motor function and spatial awareness were found. None of the changes the study found were life-threatening, and most returned to normal after Scott was back on Earth for about 6 months.
Historically, astronauts have experienced a variety of health challenges while in space. These include headaches, nausea, insomnia, a decrease in muscle mass, a decrease in bone density, a lower red blood cell count, and a worsening of vision. Astronomers are hoping that by studying the specific genetic changes found in Scott Kelly, they can create medicine to help minimize the symptoms of space travel by specifically looking at the biochemistry of astronauts. This study could be instrumental in being able to send people into space on the long journey to Mars.
Campbell's Astronomical Analysis 
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